Illicit Flows: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Negotiation Table
GUEST COLUMNIST By Bolaji Owasanoye
Interaction with the global community is the inevitable reality of modern nation states and indeed societies. It is not a recent phenomenon. It is only more enhanced across all levels of governance and social interaction in the global North and South. More and more activities are controlled by global standards in the wake of enhanced globalization. The parameters of engagement are however not democratically or equitably designed and do not address the concerns of all state parties in equal measure. It is therefore left for each state party to see to its interests within permissible parameters.
The terms of engagement present opportunities and challenges. Engagement suggests opportunity to negotiate and reject or mitigate inimical clauses and conditions against any negotiating party. Unfortunately, the proliferation of precedents, standard form clauses, capacity inadequacy, poor governance, corruption and other myriad factors continue to disempower global south countries from making the best of negotiations. Often times, it is not clear to them what to negotiate on behalf of the country.
These factors and more have enhanced capital flight and undermined the growth potential of global South countries especially in Sub-Sahara Africa with its generous nature endowed resources. To reverse this trend, Nigeria needs to improve its ability to protect its interest first on the negotiation table where the agreement for engagement with the rest of the world is reached and in sectors and areas that have positive multiplier impact on the economy and the well-being of the people.
Prior to securing contemporary opportunity to negotiate presumably on fair and equitable terms, nation states were subject to gunboat diplomacy. The term Gunboat Diplomacy comes from 19th century literature and practice when European powers intimidated less powerful states into granting concessions through a demonstration of superior military capabilities, usually naval power. During negotiations of any kind, European powers would deploy a fleet of ships to the coast of the other party with great psychological impact of possible consequences should negotiations fail. Gunboat diplomacy represents “the use or threat of limited naval force, otherwise than as an act of war, in order to secure advantage or to avert loss, either in the furtherance of an international dispute or else against foreign nationals within the territory or the jurisdiction of their own state.”
Ability to deploy naval power had advantages, therefore nations with capacity strategically established military bases around the world. Gunboat was also used to establish new trade partners, create colonial outposts and expand the empire. Nations without capacity depended on imperialists for raw materials and overseas markets. Gunboat diplomacy was used to collect foreign debts until adoption of the Hague Convention (No 2) Respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts of 1907.
Gunboat approach was followed by diplomatic protection whereby state parties exchanged notes on how their nationals especially investors were to be treated by other governments. Diplomatic protection meant that governments of investors and other negotiating parties would protest any unfair treatment of their citizens in trade and economic matters. This meant that once agreement was reached on any issue, that agreement must be respected no matter how inequitable it may be to one party. Since it was negotiated, it was binding. Suffice to say that this approach has limitations although it is still by and large applicable in international diplomatic relations despite many of the guiding principles have been incorporated into post World War 2 international multilateral treaties.
Why focus on these areas?
Nigeria requires trade and investment to grow the economy. To attain this desire, we must have the potential to harness capital, technology and knowhow in a manner that is not inimical to development. The investor on the other hand requires assurance of security and return on investment in a conducive business environment with ability to repatriate profit. The negotiated agreement is designed to protect the interest and concerns of the parties. Regrettably, developing countries like Nigeria have often found themselves on the wrong side of its aspirations as negotiators consistently and persistently negotiate perennial inimical bilateral investment agreements in spite of available information about inimical clauses to avoid and existing BITs to terminate or at worst review.
With trade, one of the key challenges is maximizing the benefits from trade liberalisation and this is largely dependent on scope and coverage. Each country must select sectors where it can maximize its comparative advantage. This is a function of negotiation. Therefore, negotiators must understand the nitty-gritty of trade negotiation otherwise inimical agreements will lead to illicit financial flows and further capital hemorrhage. The strenuous efforts of Europe to negotiate trade agreements with Africa starting with Yaoundé Agreement to the Lome Agreement to the current Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are based on the potential beneficial impact of trade between nation states. At the global level, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the multilateral legal framework and more recently the long-awaited African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) makes improved trade negotiation capacity more compelling for Nigeria the epithet of largest economy notwithstanding. Economic benefits and advantages are not conferred on a platter of gold they must be negotiated thus negotiators must know what to ask for and what to reject.
Undoubtedly, taxation remains the surest and most dependable source of state revenue upon which development planning can be based with some level of assurance. In this regard, state tax entities must be able to assert authority over business entities operating within their jurisdiction. Unfortunately, companies that operate in more than one tax jurisdiction began to exploit gaps in tax treaties to shift profit to low tax jurisdictions to the disadvantage usually of developing countries of the global south. Ability of multinational corporations to avoid full tax liability is embedded in different aggressive tax avoidance practices and illegal tax evasion practices that require great skill and understanding for personnel of tax authorities to unearth in order extract fair share of corporate taxes from MNCs. Furthermore, international legal hurdles erected by global north countries have to be re-negotiated or mitigated to ameliorate the negative consequences of the capital flight occasioned by exploitation of the tax regime by multi nationals.
The last area of focus is the natural resource and environment sectors. Nigeria, like many African countries are generously endowed with natural resources. Maximizing the benefits of these natural resource endowments require ability to negotiate with those with the finance, technology and knowhow to exploit the resources in a way beneficial to the environment and the ultimate owners of the resources. In the Oil and Gas sector, negotiations will typically be between a national oil and gas company or other entity representing government and a foreign investor entity usually another corporation. Takeaways depend on the negotiation skills of the government representatives on all aspects of the agreement ranging from exploitation of the resource to sale of the product, sharing of profits, technology transfer, local content, environmental issues, and community rights, amongst other issues.
Plugging IFFs and Enhancing Domestic Resource Mobilization
Domestic public resources are central to development planning because no country has advanced its economy through reliance on foreign investment, official development assistance or borrowing. The trajectory of the development of advanced economies show they developed largely on domestic public resources. Leaving illicit financial flows (IFF) from Africa unattended is an existential issue because on the one hand Africa is yoked by debt burden albeit of cheap loans and other development assistance (ODA) but there is a huge leak of IFF since pre-colonial days that we are yet to plug.
To end IFF, action is required at different levels viz. national level action; continental or regional action; and global international cooperation. There should be no illusion that this will come easily because there are vested interests at each of these levels of action that prefer the status quo. At the end of the day, we have to accept that tackling IFF is a governance issue and a political issue.
So what should we do?
We need to improve capacity for reviewing trade documentation and preventing records falsification especially trade mispricing; evaluation of operations of multinational corporations in all sectors but most especially in the extractive sectors; reviewing contract clauses that facilitate IFFs; avoid unnecessary tax exemption clauses designed to attract foreign direct investment; and pay attention to channels of tax exemptions such as donor-funded projects, projects funded with contractor’s loans, projects funded with international development partner’s loans, contracts for projects on national security, etc. This will improve Nigeria’s desire to reduce IFFs as many of these examples have become channels for IFF.
Negotiators must desist from accepting contract splitting designed to facilitate IFFs e.g. artificially dividing a single contract into a number of smaller contracts in order to avoid tax, duties or levies. MNCs with subsidiary or associate in Africa are fond of splitting contracts into local and foreign components. The portion of the works that carries the larger value is later artificially classified as performed by the foreign company in its home country typically a low-taxed foreign jurisdiction or a tax haven.
As a policy measure, Nigeria should avoid awards to shell companies incorporated in tax havens. Such companies win big contracts only to sub-contract to a local company at fraction of cost and then repatriate the huge difference (profits).
We also tackle corruption perpetrated by officials who accept gratification to award contracts; accept clauses with odious obligation for the Government which is inevitably defaulted thus leading to penalty that is shared with officers that accepted such clauses in the first place.
Without dealing with IFFs, Africa cannot and will not achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). She will also not be able to control its development priorities.
*Prof. Bolaji Owasanoye, SAN, is the Chairman of the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC)
